考研英语2001 Text 1答案如下：
【问题】请根据以下文章内容，回答问题。
【文章】
In the last half of the nineteenth century, "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm went out of business, and many new firms grew up. Some of the old firms were absorbed by new ones, some were merged into monopolies, and some disappeared. In most cases, the changes came about because production had been changed from the place of manufacture to the place of production, and in most cases, too, because the market for these goods had been expanded beyond the limits of the old local markets. All this called for a reorganization of the process of production itself, and for a reorganization of business along with it.
The changed conditions were particularly striking in the manufacturing industry, which developed rapidly in the United States, in the United Kingdom, and in western Europe, but not so much in Germany. The increased demand for the products of the manufacturing industry in the home market and for foreign markets had to be supplied by the large-scale production that could be achieved only through the use of modern methods of production. Modern methods of production were introduced by the new firms that were being established in the industries that had been started earlier by individuals. The new firms had more capital and more scientific organisation than the old ones, and their management was more distant from the workers, so that the workers, with less information as to the process of production, were more dependent on the management. The new firms then created a mass of small workshops.
The process of industrial transformation in the second half of the nineteenth century, has greatly facilitated this transformation, because it brought a new element into the lives of the workers. The factory system made the workers aware of the unity of the process of production, and at the same time it brought them into contact with modern industry. Their demands were more likely to be met. The old firm was replaced by a limited partnership with a board of directors or by a joint stock company with shareholders and directors. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generations after the establishment of the factories. It was moreover possible for large-scale operations to be run by managers, with their brains and skills rather than by the unskilled workmen with their muscles.
The growth of the limited liability company and joint stock companies helped to spread the ownership of industry. The slowly expanding capital of these companies, however, could not satisfy the constantly growing needs of modern enterprises. In many businesses, therefore, the modern tendency is not to spread the ownership of industry but to concentrate it in the hands of a few. The process of concentration, although slow in the beginning, has been given a great impetus by the requirement of large-scale production, of capital, and of management.
【答案】
1. What was the main change in the manufacturing industry in the second half of the nineteenth century?
答：在19世纪下半叶，制造业的主要变化是将生产从制造地点转移到生产地点，并且市场范围扩大到旧的地方市场之外。
2. Why did the old firms go out of business?
答：老公司倒闭的原因之一是因为生产方式的变化，从制造地点转移到生产地点，以及市场范围的扩大。
3. What was the effect of the factory system on the workers?
答：工厂制度使工人意识到生产过程的统一性，并使他们接触到现代工业。他们的要求更有可能得到满足。
4. How did the new firms differ from the old ones?
答：新公司与老公司相比，拥有更多的资本和更科学的管理，管理层与工人之间的距离更远，因此工人对管理的依赖性更大。
5. What was the role of the limited liability company and joint stock companies in the growth of industry?
答：有限责任公司和股份公司的增长有助于推广工业的所有权。然而，这些公司的缓慢增长的资本无法满足现代企业不断增长的需求。
6. What was the modern tendency in the process of industrial concentration?
答：在工业集中的过程中，现代趋势不是推广工业所有权，而是将其集中在少数人手中。
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